Environmental Chemistry (an Analytical Approach)

By (author) Overway Kenneth S.
Description:
Covers the essentials of environmental chemistry and focuses on measurements that can be made in a typical undergraduate laboratory

• Provides a review of general chemistry nestled in the story of the Big Bang and the formation of the Earth
• Includes a primer on measurement statistics and quantitative methods to equip students to make measurements in lab
• Encapsulates environmental chemistry in three chapters on the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere
• Describes many instruments and methods used to make common environmental measurements

Table of contents:

Preface xiii

About the Companion Website xv

Introduction xvii

1 Origins: A Chemical History of the Earth from the Big Bang Until Now – 13.8 Billion Years of Review 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 The Big Bang 1

1.2.1 The Microwave Background 1

1.2.2 Stars and Elements 4

1.2.3 Primordial Nucleosynthesis 5

1.2.4 Nucleosynthesis in Massive Stars 5

1.2.5 Nucleosynthesis Summary 7

1.3 Solar Nebular Model: The Birth of Our Solar System 8

1.3.1 The Ages of the Earth 9

1.4 Life Emerges 16

1.4.1 Biomolecules 16

1.4.2 Macromolecules 17

1.4.3 Self-Replication 19

1.4.4 Molecular Evolution 21

1.5 Review Material 22

1.6 Important Terms 48

Exercises 49

Bibliography 51

2 Measurements and Statistics 53

2.1 Introduction 53

2.2 Measurements 54

2.2.1 Random Noise 54

2.2.2 Significant Figures (Sig Figs) 58

2.2.3 Systematic Errors 59

2.3 Primary and Secondary Standards 60

2.3.1 Other Reagents 61

2.4 Sample and Population Distributions 62

2.5 Hypothesis Testing 63

2.6 Methods of Quantitation 67

2.6.1 The Method of External Standards 68

2.6.2 Internal Standards 69

2.6.3 The Method of Standard Additions 72

2.7 Quantitative Equipment 78

2.7.1 Analytical Balances 78

2.7.2 Glassware 79

2.7.3 Pipettors 80

2.7.4 Cleaning 82

2.7.5 Sample Cells and Optical Windows 82

2.8 Linear Regression Lite 84

2.8.1 The Method of External Standard Regression Template 84

2.8.2 The Method of Multipoint Internal Standard Regression Template 89

2.8.3 The Equal-Volume Variant of the Method of Multiple Standard Addition Regression Template 91

2.8.4 Where Unknowns Should Fall on the Calibration Curve 92

2.9 Important Terms 92

Exercises 93

Bibliography 94

3 The Atmosphere 95

3.1 Introduction 95

3.2 An Overview of the Atmosphere 96

3.3 The Exosphere and Thermosphere 97

3.4 The Mesosphere 100

3.5 The Stratosphere 101

3.5.1 The Chapman Cycle 101

3.6 The Troposphere 104

3.6.1 The Planetary Energy Budget 105

3.6.2 The Greenhouse Effect 108

3.7 Tropospheric Chemistry 111

3.7.1 The Internal Combustion Engine 112

3.7.2 Ground-Level Ozone and Photochemical Smog 118

3.7.3 The Hydroxyl Radical 121

3.8 Classical Smog 132

3.9 Acid Deposition 134

3.10 Ozone Destruction in the Stratosphere 137

3.11 The Ozone Hole 141

3.11.1 Polar Stratospheric Clouds 141

3.11.2 The Polar Vortex 142

3.11.3 The Dark Winter 143

3.12 CFC Replacements 143

3.13 Climate Change 146

3.14 Measurements of Atmospheric Constituents 154

3.14.1 Satellite-Based Measurements 155

3.14.2 Ground-Based Measurements 156

3.14.3 Ambient Monitoring 156

3.14.4 Infrared Spectroscopy 157

3.15 Important Terms 157

Exercises 158

Bibliography 161

4 The Lithosphere 165

4.1 Introduction 165

4.2 Soil Formation 165

4.2.1 Physical Weathering 166

4.2.2 Chemical Weatheri